Usage examples (14)

• These coarse-scale effects, in addition to the facilitation of neighboring plants, make hydraulic lift a community - and ecosystem-level process.
• The latter includes local and widespread damage from industry, and the ecosystem-level effects of reindeer grazing and trampling, as well as poaching.
• As biogeochemical cycles are defined by the exchange of matter between organisms and their environment, they are classic examples of ecosystem-level proceses.
• Hence, mechanisms acting at scales from tissue-level biochemistry to ecosystem-level nutrient cycling exert influences to equilibrate carbon, nitrogen, and water fluxes in...